Harry Potter :: essays research papers

The Harry Potter books, by J.K. Rowling, are fun filled books with werewolves, wizards, and witches. It is a series of seven books total. The books mainly are about Harry and his ongoing conflict with becoming a wizard and dealing with his arch nemesis, Lord Voldemort.These books would be classified as fantasy, but could be classified as as well as romance, attain, adventure, mystery, and sci-fi. It has romance when Harry falls in love with Cho Chang, a girl in Ravenclaw, another house at Hogwarts, Harrys school. There is action and adventure in every book (Harry fights Voldemort, disc overs a werewolf, joins a tournament, etc,). Mystery rises when a mysterious person rights with blood on the wall about murder. It has a lot of sci-fi like dragons, trolls, werewolves, and dementors (soul-sucking demons).In the first book, The Sorcerers Stone, Harry first finds out hes a wizard and finds out his parents were killed by Voldemort. He also firsts goes to Hogwarts, and defeats the spiri t of Voldemort.In the second book, The Chamber of Secrets, Harry goes back to Hogwarts for the second time and then a finds a diary, sees weird report on the wall, and battles Lord Voldemort as a kid (his name was Tom Lorov Riddle).In the third book, The Prisoner of Askaban, Harry finds out about Sirius Black, an escaped convict. He then finds out his teacher is a werewolf and Ron rat is actually an animagus, a person who can transform into an animal (Ron is Harrys scoop up friend and the youngest of 5 brothers).In the forth book, The Goblet of Fire, Harry returns to school and joins the tri-wizard tournament, a contest that only happened 100 years ago. He then gets transported in the middle of the final round to a cemetery where he sees Lord Voldemort get resurrected from the dead and Cedric Digory get murdered by Wormtail, Rons rat in human form. In the fifth book, The Order of the Phoenix, Harry gets a new teacher, Dolores Umbridge, a teacher who is as sour as a pickle. She the n takes over Hogwarts and bans Harry from playing Quiditch, a sport on broomsticks. Then Harry and his friends travel to The Department Of Mysteries, the place where a prophecy about him and lord Voldemort is kept. He then battles Lord Voldemort and his death eaters.The last 2 books have not been released yet but the 6th book is to be called The Half Blood Prince.

Gothic Architecture :: essays research papers

Gothic and Romanesque Style Arch. Represented primarily through cathedrals, Romanesque andGothic styles of architecture were some of the few symbols ofcivilization in the privation stricken and often depressing MiddleAges. These cathedrals represented faith, dedication, andcooperation a sane place in a world of anarchy. Gothic andRomanesque styles of architecture were related in variousways, yet they also contrasted in style in some ways.Romanesque and Gothic architecture, although having manysimilarities, also have many differences. This may be collect tothe fact that lifestyles changed in the time between these twoeras of architecture. Romanesque architecture was designedto be to a greater extent for protective purposes than for any aestheticquality. The walls of Romanesque cathedrals were built verythickly, so as not to be destroyed by invaders. Gothic, on theother hand, had thinner walls and worked towards a moreartistic approach. Gothic cathedrals have many morebuttresses th an Romanesque cathedrals. Gothic cathedralswere also designed with statues and sculptures on them suchas the gargoyle, which also served as a rain spout.Romanesque cathedrals had few windows, as the walls of thecathedrals were very thick and do the placement ofwindows extremely difficult. This lack of light seemed also toproject the general mentality and lifestyles of the people of theMiddle Ages. To brighten the cathedrals, they often addedmany wall paintings and mosaics. different to Romanesquearchitecture, Gothic had many stained glass windows, whichspread colored lighting, giving a feeling of peace. They alsodepicted biblical figures in the windows. Gothic style usedmany flying buttresses and pointed arches, whileRomanesque used rounded arches for added support to theheavy construction of the walls and ceilings. In conclusion,Romanesque and Gothic styles of architecure helped to show

An Apology From Socrates :: Philosophy

The Apology is Socrates defense at his trial. As the dialogue begins, Socrates notes that his accusers have cautioned the instrument panel against Socrates eloquence, according to Socrates, the difference between him and his accusers is that Socrates speaks the truth. Socrates distinguished two groups of accusers the earlier and the later accusers. The earlier group is the hardest to defend against, since they do not appear in court. He is all so accused of being a Sophist that he is a teacher and takes money for his teaching. He attempts to explain why he has attracted such a reputation. The oracle was asked if anyone was wiser than Socrates was. The answer was no, there was no man wiser. Socrates cannot believe this oracle, so he sets out to disprove it by finding someone who is wiser. He goes to a politician, who is thought wise by him self and others. Socrates does not think this man to be wise and tells him so. As a consequence, the politician hated Socrates, as did others who heard the questioning. I am better off, because while he hold ups nothing but thinks that he knows, I neither know nor think that I know (Socrates). He questioned politicians, poets, and artisans. He finds that the poets do not write from wisdom, but by genius and inspiration. Meletus charges Socrates with being a doer of evil, and corrupter of the youth, and he does not believe in the gods of the State, and has other new divinities of his own. In his examination of Meletus, Socrates makes three main points 1) Meletus has accused Socrates of being the only corrupter, while everyone else improves the youth. Socrates then uses an analogy a horse flight simulator is to horses as an improver is to the youth. The point is that there is only one improver, not many. 2) If Socrates corrupts the youth, either it is intentional or unintentional. No one would corrupt his neighbor intentionally, because he would harm himself in the process. If the corruption was unintentional, then the court is not the place to resolve the problem. The other possibility is that he does not corrupt them at all. 3) In frustration, Meletus accuses Socrates of being a complete atheist, at the same time he claims Socrates teaches new gods. Thus, Meletus contradicts himself. Socrates argues that fear of death is foolish, because it is not known if death is a steady-going or an evil, thus there is no reason to fear death.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- essays research papers fc

An Exploration of one of the Most Mysterious DiseasesAlzheimers affection, named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, is a disease that is on the rise in America and the rest of the world. People should learn as much as they want about this disease, beca map as you get on, your chances of becoming an Alzheimers Disease, or AD, patient increases. It is estimated that approximately 3 percent of Americans between the ages of 65 and 74 have the illness, and more than half of all people over age 85 have the ailment. AD is a form of dementia, a disease, that according to the Alzheimers Disease Education & Referral Center is defined as a group of symptoms that argon understandingd by changes in brain function. aberration symptoms may include asking the same questions repeatedly becoming disoriented in familiar places being unavailing to follow directions getting disoriented about time, people, and places and neglecting personal safety, hygiene, and nutrition. People with dementia lose their ab ilities at different rates.It is not uncommon for AD patients to become lost and wander away from their homes, thus leading to a very disturbing and upsetting experience for family members. Alzheimers can be diagnosed before age 65, although r atomic number 18, and is caused by a mutation in 3 known genes. About 5 percent of those who argon under 65 and possess the ailment have AD in their family history. Given that the symptoms of AD are caused by plaque in the brain, causing loss of nerve cells that help the body communicate with the brain, mutations to these genes amyloid antecedent protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 cause a excessive production of certain proteins (primarily a B-42 form of amyloid protein), and on that pointfore spark an excessive growth of plaque cells which are toxic to the neurons of the brain. For those cases of Alzheimers that occur after age 65, a genetic mutation has yet to be proven, although some may be linked, to the fact that a difference may c ause an increased chance of developing the ailment. Whatever the case may be for patients over 65 years old, the disease and its symptoms are caused by neurofibrillary tangles of almyloid plaques. It is impossible for someone to test positive for Alzheimers Disease, because the only way to determine an affirmative case i... ...t one has it. Many scientists hypothesize that there is an inflammatory response in the brain when there is an extensive B-42 amassing. To slow or stop this, scientists theorize that the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, could waiting the swelling in the brain. Also, as scientists have known that taking a multi-vitamin tablet each day is good for you, there has been recent research demonstrating that the use of antioxidants may protect neurons, not just the immune system and keeping the body healthy by providing vitamins and minerals. These special supplements protect the neurons from the effects of the accruing B-Amyloid that would likely cau se the plaque that causes AD. Works Citedwww.crystalinks.com/ alzheimers.html Picture of Brain Cross Sectionhttp//apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/6/3/193 Information on Alzheimers Disease and Dementiahttp//www.emental-health.com/alzh_biology.htm Information on the biology of Alzheimers Diseasehttp//www.alznyc.org/ Information about Treatments and the AD communityDelaware Valley Veterans Hospital- Alzheimers Ward- Allowing me to enter the facility and communicate with AD patients, nurses, and care-takers.

Non-Racist Attitude in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Non-Racist Attitude in Twains The Adventures of huckabackleberry FinnAs we look into issues of racism in the South we have to look at the time and backing of this book. Its before the Civil War and during sla really when black people were property and not people. Twains intent on writing is to argue the adventures of huck and his close friends, and not on the issues of slavery. He does however tell the truth about slavery and the issues that surround it. This book does not display racialist issues toward anybody, only when does a great job in telling the life of a runaway slave, Jim, and a white boy, Huck. For example, the story introduces Jim as an illiterate, childlike, not very clever and extremely superstitious black man growing up in the South during slavery. This would be a typical description of most custody of his ripen growing up at that time, and not just a black man. For people to think this book is about racism, they are totally flavour at and understanding this b ook from the wrong point of view. In addition, in chapter fifteen Jim is totally worried that he might have lost Huck in ... Non-Racist Attitude in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Non-Racist Attitude in Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAs we look into issues of racism in the South we have to look at the time and setting of this book. Its before the Civil War and during slavery when black people were property and not people. Twains intent on writing is to show the adventures of Huck and his close friends, and not on the issues of slavery. He does however tell the truth about slavery and the issues that surround it. This book does not display racist issues toward anybody, but does a great job in telling the life of a runaway slave, Jim, and a white boy, Huck. For example, the story introduces Jim as an illiterate, childlike, not very bright and extremely superstitious black man growing up in the South during slavery. This would be a typical descri ption of most men of his age growing up at that time, and not just a black man. For people to think this book is about racism, they are totally looking at and understanding this book from the wrong point of view. In addition, in chapter fifteen Jim is totally worried that he might have lost Huck in ...

Non-Racist Attitude in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Non-Racist Attitude in Twains The Adventures of huckabackleberry FinnAs we look into issues of racism in the South we have to look at the time and cathode-ray oscilloscope of this book. Its before the Civil War and during sla truly when black people were property and not people. Twains intent on writing is to instal the adventures of huckaback and his close friends, and not on the issues of slavery. He does however tell the truth about slavery and the issues that surround it. This book does not display antiblack issues toward anybody, except does a great job in telling the life of a runaway slave, Jim, and a white boy, Huck. For example, the story introduces Jim as an illiterate, childlike, not very beamy and extremely superstitious black man growing up in the South during slavery. This would be a typical description of most work force of his years growing up at that time, and not just a black man. For people to think this book is about racism, they are totally flavor at and understanding this book from the wrong point of view. In addition, in chapter fifteen Jim is totally worried that he might have lost Huck in ... Non-Racist Attitude in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Non-Racist Attitude in Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAs we look into issues of racism in the South we have to look at the time and setting of this book. Its before the Civil War and during slavery when black people were property and not people. Twains intent on writing is to show the adventures of Huck and his close friends, and not on the issues of slavery. He does however tell the truth about slavery and the issues that surround it. This book does not display racist issues toward anybody, but does a great job in telling the life of a runaway slave, Jim, and a white boy, Huck. For example, the story introduces Jim as an illiterate, childlike, not very bright and extremely superstitious black man growing up in the South during slavery. This woul d be a typical description of most men of his age growing up at that time, and not just a black man. For people to think this book is about racism, they are totally looking at and understanding this book from the wrong point of view. In addition, in chapter fifteen Jim is totally worried that he might have lost Huck in ...

Discuss the causes of the Civil War Essay

The Civil War, also known as the War between the States, was agitate from 1861 to 1865 between the Union (or the North) and the Confederacy (the South). There were many causes such as economic disparity between north and south, slavery, and the election of Abraham Lincoln.The North had an industrial found economy whereas the South was a predominantly agricultural economy. One of the major reasons of the outburst of the Civil War was two different dig systems free labor in the north and slavery in the south. In the Northern America, as the machines took place of laborers in the rise of big factories, they needed free labor alternatively of slavery, so the slaves became no longer important. On the other hand, the South was based on agricultural and relied upon the labor of the slaves.This economic disparity has given rise to a debate over slavery. The North wanted to end up the spread of slavery, since it was a major obstacle in the development of Northern economy, but at the same time, it would cause big loss of benefit in the South. The conflict was intensified by the election of Lincoln of 1840, because the Southerners thought Lincoln was anti-slavery and would be in favor of Northern interests. After the election of Lincoln, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida and some other southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy. On April 12, 1861, the Confederates oped fire at Ft. Sumter, which was the first passage of arms of the Civil War.Conflict between the North and the South could not have been avoided. The industrial capitalistic economy in the North and plantation economy in the South had increasingly conflicts in raw materials, markets, tariffs, labor force and other aspects. The core problem was the slavery. In economy, it has hindered the development of capitalistic economy in the unify States. In politics, it has become a risk factor that caused Federal division. Afterthe Industrial Revolution in Britain, the cotton textile indu stry developed rapidly, so did the Northern America.The demand for cotton was highly increased. In this case, mass production of cotton was profitable, which meant large amount of cheap labor slaves was needed. Whats more, whether slavery was effectual in the newly gained territories from westward expansion, has been the most acute problems, because the creation of a slave or free state was directly related to which side could function the Senate. Thus, with the development of two types of economy, the conflict between the North and the South was unavoidable.In conclusion, although the Civil War was one of the most tragic wars in American biography and unavoidable, the nation was reunited and strengthened as a whole country, not just a collection of states.

Computer: Helps or Affects the Learning Abilities Essay

A. IntroductionThe global technological and scientific setting today withstands the phenomenal come in of growth of information technology. Every nation is concerned on the international trend on technology, pursuing studies to maintain their global competitiveness. While figurer is at hand, and is a conclusive evidence of advancement in science and technology it is a task to maximize its purpose, primarily in breeding.Computers have made such(prenominal) an enormous impact on our society today. There isnt a place where you can turn into without computer. Computer, to puther with the connection to the Internet is such a useful thing for college students. Computer is a programmable machine that can perform computations including numerous arithmetic operations or logic operations, without intervention by adult male operator during run. But then, computer is here not to replace human skills out rather to ease the burden of work and expand the information perspective of students. Th e two principal characteristics of a computer are it responds to a specific set of operating instructions in a well-defined manner and it can operate a pre-recorded list of instructions (a program).B. Statement of the ProblemThe proponents observed the factors that may affect the learning capabilities of students. For that reason, the proponents would like to answer the following questions1. Did computer alleviates or affects the learning abilities of college students? 3. What are the positive and negative effects of computers that can affect the learning abilities of the students? 4. What are the impacts of such technological advancement to the learning process among students? 5. What actions did the parents do, knowing that thither are several advantages and disadvantages of using technologies that are intended to lessen the complex work of man?C. Objectives of the StudyGenerally, this study aims to know how computer answers or affects the learning capabilities of the students. Specifically, this study aims1. Know what computers and Internet do to the studies of the college students. 2. Lessen the risks of computer misuse and to uphold the proper utilization of it. 3. Determine the positive and negative effects of computers. 4. pack the parents to set limitations and take actions on their children in using such technologies.D. Significance of the StudyThis study allow for considerably be significant to the students, proponents, parents and future researchers because this will help them to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the computers and this will also help as a baseline data for the similar studies.This study will be able to help students identify factors that can affect their performance and on how to improve their knowledge and skills as college students by using such verbalize technologies without causing problems with their studies. The proponents will be also benefited by this study because this will improve their abilities and expos e them to different advantages and disadvantages of this so that they will be able to know how to handle or brass instrument such situation. For the parents, they will be able to know to what are the factors that affect or help their children and they will also identify what to limit or what to come on to their children in using the said technological advancement inside or outside the academe. This will help the future researchers to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the computers and this will also help them as a baseline data for the similar studies.E. Scope and DelimitationThis study focuses on the harm or help done by the computer and Internet. The purpose of this study is to know how it affects or helps the students in their academic learning. The researchers considered working on this study to find out if the selected students were helped or affected by the said massive technological advancement and to guide them with the proper utilization of the said technology. E. Definition of TermsComputer. An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals. Computer Software. Programs, procedures, rules and any associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system. E-mail. Message, typically text, direct via telephone lines and modems from one personal computer to another, or to a commercial network or E-mail service that stores the senders message until the addressee comes to get it. Information Technology. The acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of various types of information via computers and telecommunications.

Financial ratio analysis Essay

Financial balance analysis is conducted by managers, equity investors, long- condition creditors and short- landmark creditors. What is the primary emphasis of each of these groups in evaluating ratios? Managers deal with all types of ratios. It is important for them to judge and improve the overall financial speckle of the order. Financial ratios are one of the most common tools of managerial de endpointination making. Financial ratios involve the comparison of various figures from the financial statements in order to gain information about a guilds performance.Ratios to this group, serve as indicators, clues, or red flags regarding noneworthy relationships between variables used to measure the firms performance in terms of profitability, asset utilization, liquidity, leverage, or market valuation. rightfulness Investors use the analysis of financial ratio to help equity investors know whether their investment earnings some return or not. They emphasize more on profitability ratios with those investors look for entities with high earning dominance and will be reluctant to associate themselves one that poor return since the market price of stock and dividend potential will be adversely affected.Long-Term Creditors deal mostly with the solvency ratios. They are important because the ratios under this category indicate the long term financial position of the company in terms of its solvency. Financial ratios analysis helps long term creditors to know companys ability to meet interest expenses and long term obligations on time. Times interest earned ratio, debt to total assets turnover ratio, debt to shareholders equity ratio are also some of the ratios that are helpful for long term creditors. Short-term Creditors find liquidity ratios as more important.The analysis of financial ratios assists Short term creditors to know the ability of company to pay their short term obligation. They mainly focus on corporate liquidity is especially important to credito rs. If a company has poor liquidity position, it may lead to delay in receiving interest and principal payments or even losses on the amounts due. It includes various calculated ratios such as Current ratio, receivable turnover, accounts payable , liquid ratio, works capital etc. , that helps short term creditors analyze companys credit history. (3-3)Over the past years, M. D.Rryngaert & Co. has realized an increase in its current ratio and drop in its total assets turnover ratio. However, the companys bargains, quick ratio, and fixed assets turnover ratio view remained constant. What explains these changes? It may have been that the inventory of M. D. Rryngaert & Co. was not properly managed. We can witness that because of a higher(prenominal) inventory, current assets increases, with an automatic decrease in total assets turnover. However, the quick ratio and the fixed assets turnover have remained constant due to the fact that they are not included in inventory.Furthermore, wit h sales remaining constant and with an increase in inventory as mentioned, the company is definitely not in a good financial position. (3-4) Profit margins and turnover ratios vary from one industry to another. What differences would you expect to find between a grocery chain such as Safeway and steel company? Think particularly about the turnover ratios, the profit margin, and Du Pont equation. Safeway, being a grocery business, requires a lesser number of dollars in assets to produce a dollar in sales than would a steel company.Furthermore the margin that grocery stores derive from the sale of each item is usually low. That is why they rely on a large volume of sales, and high turnover of inventory. They sell their products quickly, with a high turnover, and a lower profit margin with having to sell higher volumes of products to make up for the low margin. As for the steel company, being a business that has a higher profit margin but low turnover ratio, it tends to have lower volu me of business transactions. The steel company would also spend more bills in assets in order to generate a good return in sales, as compared to a grocery store.The profit margin being the ratio between revenue and income, finds a business with higher profit margin to have lower cost of sales and hence high profit, while a business with lower profit margin will have higher cost of sales. Turnover ratios show how many times a year company is replacing their inventories. So by using the DuPont formula, we can calculate the ROA for each different company by a simpler version of the equation being regress on Assets (ROA) = Profit Margin x Total Asset Turnover.

Consequences of Syrian Conflict Essay

*Syria is now mired in an armed conflict between forces loyal to President Bashar al Asad and grow fighters opposed to his rule. -Since major unrest began in March 2011, various reports suggest that between 22,000 and 25,000 Syrians have been killed. -U.S. officials and many analysts believe that President Bashar al Asad, his family members, and his some early(a) supporters will ultimately be forced from power, save few offer specific, credible timetables for a resolution to Syrias on deviation crisis. -In the face of intense interior(prenominal) and international pressure calling for political change and for an end to forcefulness against civilians, the Asad government offered limited reforms while also meeting protests and armed attacks with overwhelming force.-Nonviolent protests continued, solely their apparent futility created frustration and anger within the opposition ranks. -An increasing number of Syrian civilians have taken up arms in self-defense, although armed rebe l attacks alienate some potential supporters. -The government accuses the opposition of carrying out bombings and assassinations targeting pledge infrastructure, security personnel, and civilians in Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, and other areas. -Accounts of human rights abuses by both sides persist, with the majority attributed to security forces and military units. Backgrounds*Syrians have long struggled with many of the same challenges that have bred deep dissatisfaction in other Arab autocracies, including high unemployment, high inflation, limited up fightd mobility, rampant corruption, drop of political freedoms, and repressive security forces. -These factors have fueled opposition to Syrias authoritarian government, which has been dominated by the Baath (Renaissance) Party since 1963, and the Al Asad family since 1970. -President Bashar al Asads sireHafiz al Asadruled the country from 1970 until his death in 2000. *Since taking office in 2000, President Asad has offered and retr acted the prospect of limited political reform, while positioning his government with Iran and non-state actors such as Hamas and Hezbollah in a complex rivalry with the United States and its Arab and non-Arab allies (including Israel).-Syrias long-standing partnership with Russia has remained intact and is now the charge of intense diplomatic attention because Russia is one of the regimes only remaining defenders. -As unrest emerged in other Arab countries in early 2011, Asad and many observers mistakenly believed that Syrias pervasive police state and the populations fear of sectarian violence would serve as a bulwark against the outbreak of turmoil. -Limited calls in February 2011 to organize reform protests failed, but the governments torture of children involved in an isolated incident in the southern town of Daraa in March provided a decisive spark for the emergence of demonstrations. -The use of force against demonstrators in Daraa and later in other cities created a corresp onding tumefy in public anger and public participation in protests. -The government organized large counterdemonstrations.-For much of 2011 and early 2012, a cycle of tension and violence intensified, as President Asad and his government paired limited reform gestures with the use of military force against protestors and armed opposition groups. -Violence was initially limited to certain locations but now has affected most major cities, including Damascus and Aleppo. -Members of different elites may seek compromise with the opposition, but there has been little public dissent from natural elevation regime figures. -Defections from the armed forces and from the political and business elites continue, and international sanctions and the disruptions of the conflict are creating hardship for ordinary Syrians.-As the conflict has dragged on, protestors and opposition fighters have defiantly resisted government crackdowns, in spite of the arrest of thousands of citizens and documented c ases of torture and regime-instigated massacres. -The regime argues that opposition violence and abuses make a negotiated solution impossible, and President Asad refuses to leave power.-In an August 2012 report, the United Nations human race Rights Council heraldic bearing of inquiry on Syria found 2 reasonable grounds to believe that Government forces and the Shabbiha( is a term used in the context of the Syrian civil war to describe armed men in civilian clothing who assault protesters against the government of President Bashar Al-Assad.) had committed the crimes against humanity of murder and of torture, war crimes and gross violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, including unlawful killing, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, sexual violence, indiscriminate attack, pillaging and destruction of property . -The commission found reasonable grounds to believe that war crimes, including murder, extrajudicial execution and torture, had b een perpetrated by organized anti-Government armed groups.Consequences*Latest news from Syria shows that the West is not going to stop, continuing efforts to consolidate the opposition and give the military resistance more centralized character, with the division into districts and Action Front of the rebel army. *At the same time, the rhythmic army of Syria increasingly showing signs of weakening. *Actually,the consequences of the fall of the Syrian regime are significantly differentiated for Russia, China and Iran but more vulnerable to such threats is the Muslim Republic, however a detailed consideration of these issues is beyond the scope of this article. -One can only assume that at the critical point, these countries are more prefer to contain in a post-conflict settlement of fragmented Syria, which will allow them to maintain a semblance of respect for their interests and lost regional role and influence, rather than disbursal more resources to preserve the regime.*Meanwhi le, the consequences of military action in Syria, regardless of the outcome, can have an impact on the situation in Central Asia and in crabby in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and then create the conditions for the tension in Xinjiang along the entire borders of these countries.*Now in Syria, according to public information, in addition to the Free Syrian Army and various local rebel groups there are several number of groups of jihadist orientation, fighting in the ranks of the representatives of the Arab countries, as well as immigrants from Europe and other regions of the world, representing essentially gang mercenaries, under the auspices of the West, Turkey and the Arab monarchies. -But, for the countries of Central Asia, as well as Russia and China, should be of particular concern the so-called group of Dzhebat al Nusra (Jabhat al-Nusra=(The Support Front for the People of Syria), is a militant group operating in Syria.) or Al-Nusra front to protect the Levant.*According to the la test information, in the ranks of this group, which is considered by many experts as branch of al-Qaeda, involved citizens of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (natives of the North Caucasus), as well as citizens of the China (ethnic Uighurs). (Rim(8090))

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ACCOUNTANCY 301 ACCOUNTING MEASUREMENT & DISCLOSURE FALL 2011 COURSE SYLLABUS Po-Chang Chen University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 434 Wohlers sign emailprotected edu 217-333-4527 Syllabus guinea pig Content Course Overview & Objectives Course Materials Prerequisite Learning ( principle) Philosophy Getting Help Class Procedures Assessment Written Assignments fit Scorecard vagabond meter Project Examinations Professionalism Potential Extra Credit Opportunities Potential Course Problems Special Accommodations Preliminary Course Calendar Page No. 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 Important Note Changes to the syllabus entrust be announced in class and posted to the website. Students atomic number 18 responsible for checking the web regularly ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang Chen Course Overview & Objectives ACCY301 provides an introduction to criterion and cogitationing of giving medicational performance for strategic and operational purposes with a focus on a variety of financi al and non-financial performance measures suitable for some(prenominal) native and external decision-making.The bunk leave behind help you develop the accounting knowledge and a variety of professional skills and attitudes through inclass interactions, projects, and a series of labs. More specific alone(a)y, the sort is designed to achieve the following objectives 1. To demonstrate the role of accounting as an information system that measures job value creation and supports economic decision-making. 2. To develop your understanding of the conceptual foundation of accounting measurement. 3.To develop your knowledge and skills to prepargon and interpret information in financial statements by helping you learn how to analyze business activities and act accounting choices. For instance, you ar expected to be able to understand the consequences of accounting choices for assets such as inventory, PPE, and intangible assets. 4. To demonstrate the role of subjective judgments in a ccounting measurement and disclosure and lead you to critically think about ethics issues in the accounting profession and accountants responsibility in society. 5.To develop your susceptibility to use accounting as a business language to communicate effectively. 6. To foster team spirit among you and develop your ability to work well in teams. Course Materials 1. Revsine, Collins, Johnson and Mittelstaedt, Financial surveying & Analysis, 5th Edition (McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011) 2. Course packet of readings published by XanEdu ( uncommitted at TIS Bookstore) 3. FASB publications downloadable from the FASB website (http//www. fasb. org/) 4. Other readings in required readings folders on the turn over function website, including FASB pronouncements required for the lean 5. character references and individualist namings in a folder on the stove course website 6. Other supplemental materials in designated folders on the Compass course website. Prerequisite You must have completed A CCY 201 and 202 (or the equivalent), and must have completed or be concurrently enrolled in ACCY 302 if you are an Accountancy major. simultaneous enrollment is strongly recommended for non-Accountancy majors. Learning (Teaching) Philosophy Learning is a process of construction.That is, knowledge is a state of understanding in the mind of the individual knower and must be constructed by each individual through iterative processes of experimentation (application) and reflection on the outcomes of such experimentation. Thus, knowledge is a process involving interaction among students and between students and the instructor. To achieve efficient and effective learning, I go out strive to provide 1. Personal concern for your education and development as a professional, 1 ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang Chen 2. Fair and honest learning environment, 3. Openness to your ideas and opinions, and 4.Personal commitment to excellence in scholarship. Correspondingly, I expect the following fr om you as my student 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thorough preparation of assignments (both reading and written) for each class, Class attendance and active class participation, Active participation in and contribution to group projects, fairness and honesty, Openness to the ideas and opinions of others, and Personal commitment to excellence in scholarship. Getting Help If you have any questions regarding the course, you foot get help either from me or from my TAs during our blot hours or by appointment.If you wish to set up an appointment with me, please send me an email at emailprotected edu suggesting three possible 30-minute time slots we could meet. Please quash Mondays and wednesdays from 12pm to 4pm, as these are my teaching time slots. I will confirm the time and date of the appointment via email. My contact information Po-Chang Chen Office 434 Wohlers Hall Phone 217-333-4527 Office Hours Monday and unitenesday 4pm 5pm Teaching Assistants Office hours location BIF 2056 or BIF 206 2 Ben Ger Email emailprotected edu Office hours Thursday 2pm-330pm Michelle Erb Email emailprotected du Office hours Tuesday 2pm-330pm Class Procedures The class format embroils a mixture of lecture, group activities, and class discussions of assignments. The assigned eccentric persons, problems and activities represent practical illustrations and applications of the concepts presented in the readings. Cases, problems and activities are meant to stimulate inductive rationalnessing the reflective reasoning from observations and particulars to concepts and theory that we elicit utilize more generally. That is, knowledge that we can use in situations other than the specific situation in which it arises.The inductive risk, however, is that such knowledge is only likely and thus, contains an element of falsity. Student Groups I will assign students to four- or five- person groups. These groups are assigned for the entire term and group members should sit together in class. Each ass igned group should accomplish the assignments designated as group assignments. The assigned groups also should accomplish 2 ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang Chen the balanced add-in and measurement projects. Class Preparation and Participation I encourage students to prepare for class within their assigned groups.Appropriate class preparation is both an individual and a group responsibility. I may call on either groups or individuals to present assignment solutions and add to class discussion of the issues and problems contained in the assignment. The keys to favored problem- and case-based learning are preparation, attendance, participation, and attitude. While I encourage preparation within study groups, each student is responsible for daily preparation and participation in class when called on. I seek to engage the class in a mixture of activities.During class discussion you should discuss, challenge, and criticize ideas. You should express your thoughts and defend your beliefs using reason and logic. Assessment The course grade is determined based on the following components. Assigned points (percentage) Professionalism Assignment write-ups Group write-ups1 (25 points each for best four) Individual write-ups (20 points each for two) Balanced Scorecard and mensuration project (12% report, 4% intromission)2 Three exameninations (15% each midterm, 20% final exam) Lab participation and assignments4 Total 1 2 00 (10%) 140 (14%) speed of light 40 160 (16%) 500 (50%) 100 (10%) 1000 (100%) For group assignments, 75% contented and 25% grammar and style. For the report, 75% content and 25% grammar and style. For the exhibit, 25% content and 75% presentation skills. 4 Lab participation and assignments grade is 100% based on the lab grades from the lab instructor. I scale the distribution of major elements of the course (see below) to the grading scale below. Overall course grade also employs the same grading scale. 100 to 96. 67% of possible points = A+ 96. 66% to 93. 33% = A 93. 32% to 90. 00% = A 89. 9% to 86. 67% = B+ 86. 66% to 83. 33% = B 83. 32% to 80. 00% = B 79. 99% to 76. 67% = C+ and so forth. 3 ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang Chen Written Assignments All written assignments should be handed in at the beginning of class on the case overdue day. Papers deemed late are subject to a score of zero. Group-based assignments There are five group-based written assignments. All group-based written assignments are graded for both content and communications. For communications grading, you are encouraged to seek help from the Departments communications graders before submitting your work.Written and oral communications support is available through the Department of Accountancy. Please refer to the following website for the support information http//www. business. illinois. edu/accountancy/programs/communications/. For the final grade assessment, one group-based assignment that has the lowest feature grade of content and communic ations will be dropped. Note that any written assignment that has a grade of zero due to no submission or late submission is not considered for grade. You should prepare all group-based written assignments in compliance with the following guidelines 1.Unless otherwise specified, assignment write-ups should be in memorandum format (see both ACCY Memo Guidelines and Project Discovery Communications Handbook on the course website for additional guidance). 2. You should type the assignment using 12-point Times parvenu Roman font, with double spacing and one-inch margins on all sides. 3. Unless otherwise specified, your memo should not exceed five pages of text including any attached or embed tables, graphs and exhibits. 4. Unless otherwise specified, you should submit two (2) copies of the assignment, one for content grading and the other for communications grading.If in addition, you would like to use the memo and attachments to refer to during the days discussion, bring a third co py to class. Individual-based assignments There are two individual-based cases that involve primarily numerical analyses and short answers. The individual-based cases are graded for accounting content only. Therefore, you do not need to prepare them in memo format. You should submit one copy of each individual assignment. Balanced Scorecard Project In this project, you will choose an extracurricular organization to which one or more of your group members belong.You will then design a Balanced Scorecard for the organization chosen by your group. More details of this project can be found in the Balanced Scorecard Project Guidelines on the course website at a later point of time. The outputs of your efforts will be (1) a written report and (2) a presentation to the class of your balanced scorecard design. Th e Balanced Scorecard Project Guidelines will also contain additional information about the written report and the class presentation.. Measurement Project In this project, I will a ssign a company and a specific reporting period f o r yo u r gr o u p to evaluate.You should download the companys annual report from its website. In addition, groups should use other reports and information disclosed by the company, and/or other entities, in 4 ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang Chen conducting its research of the company. Groups will research their assigned company using the research and analysis guidance in the Measurement Project Guidelines on the course website. The outputs of your research and analysis efforts will be (1) a written measurement project report and (2) a presentation to the class of the most important results of your research.The Measurement Project Guidelines will also contain additional information about the written reports and the class presentations.. Examinations There are two midterm exams and one final exam for this course. The two midterm exams are non-cumulative. The final exam is comprehensive (cumulative). Each exam will include multiple c hoice questions, short essay (one or two paragraph) responses, and problems. All examinations are closed-book and closed-notes. Professionalism As a student preparing to enter the profession of accountancy, you have a responsibility to conduct yourself in a professional manner.Fulfilling this responsibility helps to prepare you for the obligations you will assume as a professional accountant. The IFAC fundamental principles of professionalism are take in this course as a guide to our conduct in the accountancy measurement and disclosure course. Please refer to the Professionalism Contract and Professionalism Evaluation Report Guidelines for more details. Potential Extra Credit Opportunities You will have opportunities to earn potential extra credit by participating in professional learning or service activities.Please refer to the Professionalism Evaluation Report Guidelines for details about those extra credit opportunities. Potential Course Problems Academic Integrity The profes sion Faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign expects students who are preparing to enter the business profession to exhibit the same qualities of honesty, integrity, responsibility, and respect for others that society demands from business professionals. The primary responsibility for complying with the standards of academician integrity rests with each individual student and with the student body as a whole.By your enrollment in this course, you pledge on your honor that 1. You will neither give nor receive unauthorized assistance on any academic or related professional assignment or activity. 2. You agree that all provisions of the UIUC Student Code related to student conduct and academic integrity bind all students matriculating to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 3. You acknowledge that you have the obligation to report apparent violations of academic integrity and the Student Code in a non-anonymous manner to the course instructor or the Head o f the Department.Missing Classes and Examinations and Failing to deal In Assignments I expect students to attend classes. Midterm examinations are in scheduled class times and thus, the only acceptable reasons for missing an exam are sickness and other extenuating circumstances. You 5 ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang Chen must provide me with adequate documentation of your reason for missing an exam. There are no gravel-ups for failing to turn in an assignment by its due date or missing an exam for other than an acceptable reason.In the case of a conflict with the final exam (defined as three university course exams scheduled within a twenty-four hour period, or two university course exams scheduled at the same time), I will arrange for a make-up exam only when approved by the department. A conflict exam approval form can be found on the course Compass website close to the final date. No make-up exams will be addicted for conflicts that arise from travel plans. You will need to pr ovide documentation to support the conflict the staff in the Department of Accountancy will then asseverate the conflict and you will be notified of your eligibility.You will not be allowed to take the conflict final exam if your request is denied by the Department of Accountancy. The instructor will request the Dean of the College to drop any student from the course who Misses both midterm exams, for whatever reasons Misses too many classes, particularly in sequence Fails to contribute adequately to group assignments (i. e. , class presentations, case writeups and measurement project research and reports). Group Conflicts and Problems Group members should attempt to resolve all conflicts and problems among themselves in a well timed(p) manner.If such resolution is not satisfactory, group members should consult immediately with the course instructor. In any event, groups should not allow problems to continue beyond a one-week period. At the end of the semester, students will ev aluate each fellow group members cooperation and contribution to group assignments. Such evaluations will be included as part of the Professionalism element of course grades. Grading Dispute While TAs and I make every effort to grade all of your work accurately, grading errors can occur.If you believe there is an error, you may request a regarding of the assignment or exam. Be aware, however, that grading errors can occur in both directions errors can make grades too high as well as too low. Therefore, if you request a re-grading, your entire assignment or exam will be regarded, and all grading errors will be corrected. By requesting a re-grade, you accept the possibility that your grade may go either up or down as a result. To request a re-grade, you must submit a written request to me within one week from the class period in which the assignment or exam was first returned to students.The request must be accompanied by the graded original and must state the area of dispute, your r ecommendation for dislodge in grade, and an explanation or justification for your recommendation. Special Accommodations If you have a condition, such as a physical or learning disability, which will make it difficult for you to carry out the work as I have outlined it or which will require academic accommodations, please notify your Teaching Assistant or me during the first week of the course and we will strive to accommodate. 6 ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang ChenPreliminary Course Calendar consider 1 Topic Readings Before Each Session COMP Course syllabus Assignment Due Mon 22-Aug Course introduction 2 Framework for Accounting Measurement and Disclosure Revsine et al. , Ch 1 Economic and Institutional Setting for Financial Reporting Objectives & economics TIS Sunder, Ch 1 Introduction to the Theory of Wed 24-Aug of accounting Accounting and comptroller (skim) FASB SFAC 8 Ch 1 Objectives of Financial Reporting by Businesses (skim pg 1-14 use as reference) (Compass) Mon 29-Aug A ccounting measurement FASB SFAC 8 Ch 3 QualitativeCharacteristics of Useful Accounting TIS Brown, An Accountants Measurement Primer (pp. 1- 8) COMP IMA instruction, Value Chain Analysis for Assessing Competitive Advantage TIS Porter, What is Strategy? Labor Day No Class Case day TIS Kaplan & Norton, Transforming the Balanced natural performance measurement Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management Part I Revsine et al. , Ch 2 Accrual Accounting and Income Determination Financial statements 1 FASB SFAC 6 Elements of Financial Statements (skim, use as reference) Group Case 1 3 4Wed 31-Aug Business strategy and accounting Mon Wed 5-Sep 7-Sep 5 6 Mon 12-Sep 7 Wed 14-Sep 7 ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang Chen 8 Mon 19-Sep Financial statements 2 Revsine et al. , Ch 4 Structure of the Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows FASB SFAC 5, identification & Measurement in Financial Statements (skim, use as reference) (on Compass) FASB FAS 157, Fair Value Measurement ( para. 1-39) Group Case 2 9 Wed 21-Sep Recognition and measurement Recognition and Measurement Selected Events/Transactions 10 Mon 26-Sep Revenue recognition-1 Revsine et al. Ch 2 Accrual Accounting & Income Determination (re-read) FASB Research revenue recognition in FASB Codification Revsine et al. , Ch 3 Additional Topics in Income Determination (pp. 137- 156) Group Case 3 11 Wed 28-Sep 12 Mon 13 Wed 3-Oct 5-Oct Revenue recognition-2 Case day Midterm Exam 1 Accounts receivable & doubtful accounts Trade notes receivable Case day and usefulness of accounting estimates Retail inventories and cost coalesce assumptions BSC video display Day Manufacturing inventories Case day Midterm Exam 2 4 Mon 10-Oct 15 Wed 12-Oct 16 Mon 17-Oct 17 Wed 19-Oct 18 Mon 24-Oct 19 Wed 26-Oct 20 Mon 31-Oct 21 Wed 2-Nov Revsine et al. , Ch 8 Receivables (pp. 411-421) Revsine et al. , Ch 8 Receivables (pp. 421-436) TIS Brown, Time Value of Money TIS Lundholm, Reporting on the Past Revsine et al. , Ch 9 Inv entories (pp. 481-507) BSC project presentation and report Revsine et al. , Ch 9 Inventories (pp. 476- 481) TIS Maher et al. , Ch 3 Activity-Based Management Group Case 5 Group Case 4 8 ACCY301 Course SyllabusPo-Chang Chen 22 Mon 7-Nov Fixed assets 23 Wed 9-NovIntangible assets Revsine et al. , Ch 10 Long-Lived Assets & Depreciation (pp. 545-558 pp. 563 -576) Revsine et al. , Ch 10 Long-Lived Assets & Depreciation (pp. 558- 563) Individual Case 1 TIS Siegel & Borgia, The Measurement and Recognition of Intangible Assets Revsine et al. , Ch 4 Structure of the Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows (re-read pp. 196-207) Revsine et al. , Ch 17, Statement of Cash Flows Revsine et al. , Ch 5 Essentials of Financial Statement Analysis (pp. 267-271) TIS Bergevin, Ch 11 move Cash Flow Analysis Thanksgiving Break. No Class 4 Mon 14-Nov Statement of cash flows I 25 Wed 16-Nov Statement of cash flows -II Mon 21-Nov Wed 23-Nov 26 Mon 28-Nov Statement of cash flows case and Final exam review Individual Case 2 27 Wed 30-Nov Measurement Project Presentation 28 Mon 2-Dec Measurement Project Presentation Final Exam Measurement Project Report 29 Wed 7-Dec TBD Readings legend TIS Measurement and Disclosure course packet from XanEdu Revsine et al. Revsine, Collins, Johnson & Mittelstaedt textbook, 5th edition COMP Required readings folder on Compass website FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board website 9

Splitting a message, and processing and gathering

This recipe will show you how you how to split a gist into individual fragments, process each fragment individually, and re-aggregate the processed exchanges back Into a single exchange. In EIP terms, this is known as a Composed Message Processor, and Is do up of a combination of a Splitter and an Aggregated. How to do It In order to split and aggregate (Join) a message, combine a split digital subscriber line statement with an associated Congo as follows 1. Define an Segregationists Instance as described In the Aggregating related messages recipe.For this example, we will re procedure theSetAggregationStrategy Implementation from that recipe 2. Define a regular split block as per the Splitting a message into fragments recipe, breaking up the payload as you see fit through the use of an expression. Reference the Segregationists instance through the schema attribute in the split element $body) In the Java DSL, refer to the Segregationists instance as the second parametric quantit y to the split() statement from(directin) . Split(body(), new Straightforwardness()) . End() . To(mockout) How it worksWhen an exchange reaches the split statement, It Is broken up Into Individual fragments as expected, each of which Is processed through the steps defined within the block. When each split fragments exchange reaches the end of the split block, It Is passed Into theAggregationStrategy for aggregation. When all of the fragments have been processed, the final aggregated message harvest-tide down the route from the split block. This Is different from the normal Splitter behavior, which forwards the original message to that statement after the split statement.TIP By default, all affect Is performed by a single thread. You can parallelize the processing of each message fragment by using theparallelprocesslng option as described in the Processing split messages in parallel recipe. Theres more An Segregationists. When an exception is thrown during the processing of the fra gment, the exchange will be immediately passed to Segregationists. It is then up to the strategy to decide what to do with this information.

How implementation of Minimum Wage affect the economy market

How implementation of Minimum Wage affect the economy market BY yuxtangol 25 Statutory nominal pay regulation was first introduced in New Zealand in 1894. Some attempt to control shines had been present since policymakers started believe that the market wages of bray was unfair to the counterfeiters. Minimum wage laws bring down a lowest hourly or monthly wage ordain that employers whitethorn legally pay to workers. For instance, the Minionion government had set a new-made tokenish wages rate of MS900 which intend to ensure that the basic needs of the workers and their families are met.Since that the growing debates over the imposition of minimum age policy have wrench a very popular topic with examiners in recent year, on that pointfore we may examine the effect of the minimum wage by looking at the theory behind it. Diagraml shows a classical minimum wage set up in a competitive labour market. Like all new(prenominal) markets, competitive labour markets are modelled by the forces of bring out and demand. In this case, workers determine the supply of labours and firms determine the demand of labour. The Minister of human being Resources, Mr Bananaa Yellow claimed that the new minimum wage (MS900) represented an average increase of 18. % compare to the previous minimum wage (MS757. 7), which affecting some 128,500 low-skilled workers in Minionland. But the diagram above illustrates that there will be a decrease in the quantity of from B to D, which resulting in a surplus of labour from D to C. This should make an intuitive reason that an increase of minimum wage raise the input costs of firm so that they are now less willing and able to hire much than workers, while they are more people would like to have a Job because of the higher wage rate.The exceed supply of labour includes both a reduction in employment (A to C) along with the second component consisting of orkers who are drawn into the labour market by the prospect of earning higher m inimum wage (D to B). In this case, raising minimum wages rate seems to be wrong as it only benefit some typical high-skilled workers but comes at the disbursement of those low-skilled workers (typically low-skilled youth) who are shut out of the labour markets.However, several studies and researches understand that the magnitude of negative effect on employment varies across countries due to differences in labour market characteristics and the prevailing economical environment. For Minionion, while they maybe some risk on lower unemployment, this effect is expected to be ransitory and contained, given the strong economic and labour market fundamentals and proficiency. Improvement of the economic and labour markets conditions are expected to increase the quantity demanded of labour by shifting the demand crape from DO to Dl .Assuming this strategy is going to push the demand curve upward to the same 128,500 amount of the low-skilled workers, thus it will substantially shrink the effects of the new minimum wage rate on unemployment. In fact, there is a lot of arguments claimed that the traditional view of the minimum wage doesnt hold legitimate in real life. There is the Krueger and Card study that oncluded that We find no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment. (Robert,2013) intimately studies find that the minimum wage policy has only a slight ettect on employment but not result in the mass unemployment predicted in the traditional view.One of the possible assumptions to explain this phenomenon is that the labour demanded by firms and the demand for the product that workers prove is both super inelastic due to the rapid economic and state growth. Diagram2 above indicates the elasticity of demand on employment and the elasticity of demand on product. In view of the sky-rocketed growth of economic and opulation, hence the firms need more workers to increase production and as well as productivity to satisfy the demand and maxim ise their profit, even though they are forced to increase wages.Since the demand of product is highly inelastic, the firms cigarette also pass on the increase in wage to consumers in the form of higher wrongs without lay off any workers. The magnitude of price increase would also be constrained by the adjustments that made by the larger firms which tend to be less affected by the imposition of new minimum wage rate. On the contrary, the Smurfland government does not favour setting a minimum wage. They believe that imposition of minimum wage policy will reduce employment in affected industries and affected groups of low-skilled workers.Hence, the Smurfland government believe that it is better to focus on the supply sides (workers), rather than emphasis on the wage setting institution. Their interventions focus on enhancing the skills of low- wage workers, thus increasing their productivity through training and development. Rapid development in science and technology supercharge th e demand for high-skilled workers, it resulting in wages premium for more highly educated workers. Therefore, ther things unchanged, the wages rate is believed to be positively related with the education and productivity of the workers.Thus we can tell from diagram3 below, assume that the supply of labour is inelastic, while the technology advance increase the demand of skilled workers, the demand curve shifts from DO to Dl, putting a pressure on employment upward from QO to QI . And by enhancing skills, more workers meet the prerequisite for higher wages, which results in raising the equilibrium wages rate from WO to WI . Therefore in order to achieve the objectives of reduce poverty and improve living standard of workers, it is important to uarantee those low-skilled workers to undertake productivity-enhancing measures.Skill enhancement policy is believed that can modify supply-side performance and achieved sustained development of economic. It is important to note that enforceme nt of this policy wont accompany with negative effects like inflation and unemployment. It improves both quantity and quality of supply and labour, make the labour market more competitive and flexible so that it is more able for labour force to match the demand. Provided training, especially for those who facing trouble of structural unemployment, is expected to improve the occupational mobility of orkers.Additionally, a well-educated workface also plays an important role as a magnet to attract foreign investiture flows into the economy. In order to raise the low-skilled workers living standards, the most efficient way is to increase their incomes to levels that fulfil their basic needs. Undeniably, in the long run, the income levels reflect the ability to produce high quality goods and services. Make no mistake that improvement in income levels and living standards cannot be achieved without expansion in outpu t.Studies ot IJ e n te Nations Human Development Programme found that the ratio of the amount of children of fficial secondary school age enrolled in school, to the amount of children of official secondary school age in the population, is higher in developed nations than it is in developing ones. ( Radcliffe,2012) Hence, invest in education and training for workers is not only benefits in increase their earning potential, but also assist us to transform into high income, high productivity country. Overall, it concludes that both policies could achieve the same goals in different way.However, when we talk about efficiency, we may find that increase the equilibrium wage rate by raising the skill level of workers is actually challenging in practice. For instance, without intervention of government, we cant guarantee that the firms will take the right steps to increase productivity, instead of relying on the low-cost workers. Besides, skill enhancement policy require government to spend more budget on investing education, and it also takes longer realisat ion period to see the results.Due to the greater opportunity costs and less efficiency, it could be evaluated that skill enhancement policy may not be the first choice to reduce poverty. As contrasted, setting a minimum wage rate is envisaged to have obvious effect in educing poverty since it directly increases low-skilled workers wage rate. Firm may be encouraged to provide training to improve the productivity of workers since the relative cost between detonating device and labour narrows. These changes would facilitate the transformation of nations into high productivity and high income economy.We may conclude that set up a minimum wage will belike have slightly negative effect on unemployment. But with this small opportunity costs, it may boots our economy and improve the living standard of most workers. In other words, the benefits of minimum wage far outweigh the negatives. There should be a simple rule in life that if you are willing to work hard, you should be able to feed yourself. Minimum wage policy is envisaged to be a positive step towards encouraging a fairer wage structure.And other productivity-enhancing measures such(prenominal) as provision of training to up-skilled workers will further complement the minimum wage policy to hit its target. I believe that minimum wage policy is well-positioned to achieve its goal, with government support, as well as proper supervision and enforcement. Reterences Oganisian, A. 2013. Economics 101 Taxes, Minimum Wages, and Why You Shouldnt Boycott Sweatshops TheCollegeConservative. online Available athttp//www.investopedia.com/articles/ economic science/09/education-training-advantages.asphttp//www. s-cool. co. ukhttps//www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/economic-growth-an-introductionhttp//www.bnm.gov.my/

New Code Raises Standards of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Practice in UK Essay

1. IntroductionPharmacists play a role in the public health system and the provision of medical boot public health system as critical as that of physicians. Most of the time, pharmacists only fill the prescription(prenominal)s coming from physicians, just pharmacists often necessity to bring down and dispense medicines on their own, especially over-the-counter do drugss that people usually use for self-medication of common ailments. With less precaution and circumspection, pharmacists may prescribe medicines that do more than(prenominal) harm than level-headed. In recognition of these potential threats to the integrity of the pharmaceutical duty, the Royal Pharmaceutical golf club of Great Britain (RPSGB) has developed a new enactment of ethics and cognitive operation framework, which provide that pharmacists and apothecarys shop technicians in the whole of UK receive quality fosterage necessary for fostering the intimacy, skills, attitudes and set to provide a con sistent and safe apply.In formulating the new pharmaceutical code of ethics, the Society, as the RPSGB is more popularly known in UK, noted how the profession has been smeared by controversies involving some of its members, regarding issues on assisted suicide, making a prescription error, sedating an unruly patient, dispensing high-cost drugs and recommending treatment that would throw overboard parole7,,8. This paper discusses the revised code of ethics for British pharmacists and chemists technicians as to the likelihood of its lifting the professed(prenominal) confide of pharmacy to new heights of ethical increase and integrity.2. Literature ReviewThe requirements of the revised code reflect key issues for modern pharmacy practice, such as encouraging patients to be involved in decisions about their care, extoling patient choice and working in league with otherwise healthcare professionals8. All the provisions of the code are supposed to reflect in the conduct, practice and performance of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, designed as it is to promote and support a culture of accountability and professional judgment. For this reason, the code sets out seven principles of ethical practice that pharmacists or pharmacy technicians need to observe in the pursuit of their profession.2.1. Key PrinciplesThe revised code of ethics is based on seven principles, each of which is support by requirements that explain the lineaments of actions and ways expected of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians when applying said principles in practice. The seven principles are 1) put one over the care of patients the pharmacists first concern 2) exercise professional judgment in the interests of patients and the public, 3) show respect for others, 4) encourage patients to participate in decisions about their care, 5) develop professional knowledge and competence, 6) be honest and trustworthy, and 7) institute responsibility for your working practices.Unlike previo us versions, detailed standards and guidance will be produced separately from the code. sevensome professional standards and guidance documents have also been developed to support and expand on the principles of the new code of ethics in the following areas Patient consent Patient confidentiality Sale and supply of medicines Pharmacist prescribers Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in positions of authority Advertising Internet pharmacyThis means that people are forbidden to convey pharmaceutical work when they do not possess the necessary skills and competence7. If they do have the proper knowledge and experience, the code says that the pharmacist should start work by establishing the scope of his role and responsibilities and clarifying any ambiguities or uncertainties about where his responsibilities lie. In addition to complying with his legal and professional obligations, the pharmacist is also expected to keep up to date with and observe the laws, statutory codes and prof essional obligations relevant to his particular responsibilities8.2.2. Role and ResponsibilitiesIf subject is a pharmacy owner, superintendent pharmacist or pharmacy manager in a hospital, trust, or other battlefield of practice, the code obliges him to set the standards and policies for the provision of pharmacy services by his organization. The idea is to make the organization its premises, departments or facilities properly maintained so that none of its activities would bring the pharmaceutical profession into disrepute. For this purpose, all the medicines, pharmaceutical ingredients, devices and other stocks at the pharmacy premises or facilities are stored under conditions appropriate to the nature and stability of these products. In hiring people, management of a pharmacy must conduct background check to ensure that they are pendant for the job and have no criminal records1.The code deems it important that the people employed in a pharmacy are conscientious enough to rai se concerns about risks to patients or the public. Thus, the pharmacy should emplace an appropriate and effective mechanism for staff to raise concerns about risks to patients or the public, including concerns about inadequate resources, policies and procedures, or problems with the health, carriage or the professional performance of others.2.3. Ethical DevelopmentEthical practice in any profession is commonly perceived to be the outcome of good education and reading. However, studies in the UK context reveal that schoolroom discussion and experiential clerkship training have no significant impact on the ethical decisions that pharmacists make later3. In an interview of pharmacy students regarding parole and drug rationing, it was found that majority would recommend treatment to allow parole and restrict the use of expensive drugs6.The ethical choice here is between the benefits to the patient and the risks or costs to society. On physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, few stu dents expressed willingness to dispense any lethal battery-acid of medication to terminally ill patients. In cases of unruly patients, however, more students would dispense the appropriate sedative. These responses give climb up to questions so to whether pharmacy students are trained to be patient-focused in their future practice3.The code also specifies training on such aspects of pharmaceutical practice as good consultation skills and meticulous record keeping. To the code, it matters if pharmacists bar to ask questions in a medication review or in dispensing a repeat prescription or misinterpret body language and miss cues from patients about emerging problems. The reason is that pharmacists may be the only healthcare professional the patient is seeing routinely so it matters if they miss something or clutches a clinical situation poorly.2.4. Advertised DrugsA recent randomized controlled trial using posture patients found that patient requests for advertised drugs were a st ronger determinant of prescribing decisions than whether or not the patient had the condition the drug aimed to treat2. Another study of prescribing decisions in response to patient requests found that if a patient asks for an advertised brand, he usually receives it, although the physician is more likely to be ambivalent about these prescribing decisions6. These studies suggest a need for physicians and pharmacists to receive adequate training on how to respond to patient requests.The global withdrawal of the drug rofecoxib from the market in 2004 illustrates this point. Rofecoxib was no more effective than alternative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treating the symptoms of arthritis but it was widely promoted as safer and accepted by the public as such. Although there were studies that it brought the side effect of change magnitude heart disease risks, the drug make it big in the market, with 80 million prescriptions worldwide3. The market advantage of the drug is a te stament to the triumph of marketing over science. Only after the US provender and Drug Administration reported 35,000 cases of cardiac arrests and a congressional investigation was consequently held that the drug was pulled out. The calamity highlighted the need to ensure that health professionals are adequately prepared to valuate forward motional claims, and to assess and extrapolate interactions with the pharmaceutical industry2.3. DiscussionEducators in many countries are clearly aware of the influence of pharmaceutical promotion on the health professions and wish to prepare students for this aspect of their professional lives. As a physician pedagogue from India said, Whatever rational things we want to inculcate in them, that should be through with(p) in the student compass point itself. Once they taste big money then arrays develop and later die hard9. This is precisely the habit the code of ethics for UK pharmacists seeks to discourage.On pharmacy education, the lite rature agrees that there is no consistent, well-designed and deliberate approach to commandment students ethics during clerkship. Moreover, it has been observed that factors such as life experiences and normal maturation are likely to stand to the students ethical development. Acknowledging these limitations, the code simply seeks to determine if there were noticeable changes in the ethical decisions made by students at different points in their education. Since it was seen that classroom and clerkship experiences do not impact on the ethical decisions made by pharmacy students, the code encourages pharmacy schools to attend to this problem. On top of the proposed agenda is a modification of the curriculum such that it can provide a deliberate and consistent ethical component to the clerkship experience5.A review of ethics literature in medicine and pharmacy found that pharmacy schools lag well behind medical schools in the integration of ethics into the curriculum1. Additionall y, medical schools were found to use a more patient-oriented approach to teaching ethics. It is believed that a patient-oriented, clerkship-based approach could enhance ethics education and is worthy of further study. The Society is thus currently making efforts to more effectively design and study alternative approaches to ethics education during clerkship, and throughout the pharmacy curriculum8.4. CommentaryThe finding that pharmacy students do not learn ethical behavior from their classroom and clerkship experience in UK casts doubt on full compliance with the code of ethics for this type of healthcare professionals. The above studies conclude that students have a less defined professional ethical system, which may be due to a lack of pharmacy practice experience. They recommend that further studies be done to document the ethical growth and development of pharmacy students. Other authors have suggested that future studies longitudinally evaluate the influence of pharmaceutical education and training on the moral development and ethical behavior of students. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that ethics education should include both theoretical and practical components. If the code of ethics has to influence the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, concerned authorities must take these suggestions to heart. Otherwise, the code will only be good on paper.

Questions concerning criminal law Essay

i. What be the specific aims & purposes of the sorry natural law? To what extent does the criminal law control behaviour? Do you believe that the law is quasi(prenominal)ly restrictive or not restrictive enough?The specific aims and purposes of criminal law is to punish criminals, and sustain muckle from becoming future criminals by using deterrence. Having a criminal referee system that imposes liability and punishment for violations deter. (Paul H. Robinson, John M. Darley, Does wicked virtue Deter?A Behavioural Science Investigation, Oxford Journal of healthy studies, volume 24, No. 2 (2004), pp. 173-205). Criminal law intimidates citizens because some people wont indigence to be arrested or fork out a write up on their face-to-face record. Criminal law controls behaviour provided only outlines what a good citizen should be doing, by creating laws. More precisely, the term refers to all important(p) criminal law a body of law that prohibits certain kinds of condu ct and imposes sanctions for unlawful behaviour.(The Canadian Encyclopedia, Criminal Law, http//www.the cig aretteadianencyclopedia.com/articles/criminal-law, para. 1.) Having laws and not enforcing them is pointless, so by creating a law you need to enforce it strictly so people stop committing the offence. Like in Alberta and otherwise parts of Canada the Distracted Driving law was in full phase of the moon effect and anyone caught texting and impetuous or anything along those lines was given a major demerit dock, and a strong ticket you need to pay.By doing this it enforces the law and creates that thought in the back of the citizens head that says should I do that? What will happen if I text and drive and get caught?. However, nigh criminals dont shake up that subconscious thought and dont simple machinee if they get caught breaking the law, thats wherefore so many criminals are re-offenders. Laws are either questions concerning criminal justice and safety excessively re strictive or not restrictive enough depending on where you live. Some people can be considered criminals in Canada, entirely be doing family honour killings in their homeland. Having pretty much non existent drinking ages inEurope to the coupled States where you learn to be 21 is absolutely unreasonable, and depending on where you live your laws can either be too restrictive, like in the US, or not restrictive at all, in Europe.There should be a universal drinking age of 16, and the driving age should be raised. Allowing teenagers and young adults to drive before they lead the effects of drinking is not a good policy. Too many citizens esteem because they concord been driving for 2 4 years think that they can drive drunk which is not the case and creates a plentiful problem. Among 18 24 year olds, they charter the gamyest percentage in Canada for driving under the cast per 100,000 licensed patrons.Universally, if you lowered the drinking age and heightened the driving ag e to 21, hopefully less people would be drinking and driving because more than people would have experienced the effect of alcohol before driving. If this truly worked and so maybe less and less police officers would need to worry about check wampum and be less restrictive on certain laws and would be able to focus on other important things around Canada.questions concerning criminal justice and safetyii. Assuming that males are more unpeaceful than females does that squiffy that crime has a biological rather than a social basis (because males & females share a similar environs)?Statistically males made up for more then five measures the amount of crime then females did in 2005. (Women and The Criminal referee System, http//www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11416-eng.htm.)Males arent biologically programmed to be more physically aggressive and commit more crimes, but when people say males commit more crimes because of testosterone, that is crazy because women h ave testosterone in their bodys too. Males commit more crimes because most males want to assert their macho cape to females and prove that they are manly. When males are 20-25 years old, the highest category for committing a crime, they have no other ways to signal females how manly they are other then fighting and committing crimes.I think the reason why older males dont commit more crimes compared to the younger generation is because older folk have other ways to show their manliness like their job, how much money they have, or the kind of car that they drive. That being said crime has nothing to do with biology, but itcomes down to men trying to show how powerful they are in an attempt to woo a female.Concerning the fact that males and females sharing the same environment but males being more violent, I think the reason is because males arent as saved as females are. During high school kids always hear about fathers or brothers who will protect their youngster or sibling from anyone that hurts them in any way. You never hear a sister or a mother saying that about theirquestions concerning criminal justice and safetyson. (Introduction to Criminology, Lecture 3, September 23, 2013, Professor Jan Stanners.) So another factor about females being less aggressive is the fact that they are protected more and almost restricted from certain things because more people worry about girls then boys. Studies are alike showing that womens crime rates are increasing quite noticeably while males are slowly dropping. I think this is because since the 1950-80s womens roles were typically stay at home moms pickings care of the children, etc. But now women have a lot more freedoms and have jobs and can they can now do whatever they please just like males, so I think thats why female crime rates are rising steadily.Also, according to the statscan government website it shows that females have a higher victimization rate between the ages of 18-44, which we expect because men are more violent. However after that age range the males become the more victimized group which I name very interesting because that in itself refutes any debate of men being more violent because of testosterone, because no matter how old you are your body is still producing testosterone.questions concerning criminal justice and safetyiii. Do you give with the assessment that for young people, a school is one of the most dangerous locations in a familiarity? Did you find your high school to be a dangerous environment?According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 17 teens were killed at schools and five children killed themselves in the year ending June 30, 2002. ( crop Safety, http//www.ncpc.org/topics/school-safety.) School can be a very dangerous prop for teenagers depending on the area of town that they live in. In Calgary high schools are more safe down south then inForrest Lawn just because of the type of families and people there are around influencing the teenagers.The type of influence a teenager gets can lead them on the street to becoming a bully. At the Columbine shootings two teenagers shot and killed many innocent teenagers, in Michael Moores documentary it is shown that the two savants were bullied occasionally which may have caused them to act out and shoot their peers. (Michael Moore, Bowling For Columbine, 2002.) As farthest as schools being one of the most dangerous areas in the community I find that expectant to believe. Around schools you have teachers and counsellors supervising you and helping you throughout your 3 years so it cant be as dangerous as people make it out to be.However the activities that take place outside of school I think are the most violent ones. They involve students and peers that youve met through high school and I believe people are getting those two things mixed up, but thats just from personal experience because inside of my high school was relatively safe. We had a lockdown where a student from another school came into ours with a knife looking for a student in one of the classes but the police came and handled the situation accordingly and our teachers were well prepared questions concerning criminal justice and safetyand practiced lockdowns on a regular basis. Later we all found out this situation happened because of activity outside of school. My personal experiences in high school I never had a physical altercation with anyone but in grades 10 and 11 a lot of students would make organized fights after school and a big crowd would join. I think this relates to the previous question on men being more violent, because teenagers have no other way to assert their manliness to friends and girls other then to fight and beat somebody up. I think the most dangerous places in our rural communities is back alleys at night time walking home from drinking at a friends or at a bar.You make yourself an favourable target being drunk and thats when criminals take the chance to mug you. By bei ng at school its really hard to make yourself a big target with teaching supply all around you. To sum everything up I do not agree that schools are the most dangerous place for young people. In some instanced even your own home could be the most dangerous place to be and school could be like an escape for some students.questions concerning criminal justice and safetyReference PageThe Canadian Encyclopedia, Criminal Law, http//www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/criminal-law, para. 1. Michael Moore, Bowling For Columbine, 2002.Paul H. Robinson, John M. Darley, Does Criminal Law Deter? A Behavioural Science Investigation, Oxford Journal of Legal studies, volume 24, No. 2 (2004), pp. 173-205. School Safety, http//www.ncpc.org/topics/school-safety.Women and The Criminal Justice System, http//www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11416-eng.htm.

Investigating a Crime Scene Essay

On TV shows like CSI, viewers get to watch as police detectives find and collect narrate at the dead reckoning of a execration, making melodic phrase appear as if by magic and swabbing every oral fissure in the vicinity. M whatever of us believe we have a pretty good grip on the process, and rumor has it criminals ar getting a jump on the good guys by using the tips they woof up from these shows. But does Hollywood get it right? Do law-breaking horizon tecs interview suspects and snap fastener the bad guys, or is their job all about collecting physical shew? In this paper, Ill examine how a criminal offence opinion investigation really takes tooshie.When on the job(p) a offense mount there are m some(prenominal) steps that must take place in order for any investigation to hold up in court. A proper investigation shadower take hours, nevertheless the end result can allure to a conviction of the guilty and justice for victims families. The first officer at the cri me mise en scene should do everything they can to keep all evidence in its original state. The crime scene must be blocked off immediately to subjugate any contamination or loss of evidence. Boundaries should be imbeded for each celestial sphere of the scene that need to be secluded.This testament include any paths of launching or exits and areas where evidence has been discarded or located. alone areas of the crime scene should be blocked off using tape, ropes, or traffic cones. If the crime took place indoors, a single room can be blocked off depending on the place of the crime and where it occurred. Police barricades and guards can help with securing the scene as well. This is a good track to monitor the area to make sure no unwanted people get through and through and cause loss of evidence. This exit include officers that are not rentd in the topic, neighbors and the family of the victim.Securing the crime scene must be through in a seasonly manner and all persons e ntering the scene should be recorded, and times of the entry should be interpreted as well. Before anyone can enter the scene, the responding officer must first establish a walk way. This is done to ensure that no evidence is being touched and is out of the way before walking into the scene. This pass on include investigators or medical examiners that need to get to any victims that may be injured. Once the crime scene has been blocked off and secured, the investigators go away process the area.At this time a strategy is put into place. This will start the examination of the area and documentation of all evidence at the scene. A walk through of the scene will take place by the lead investigator to establish how the scene was entered and exited at the time that the crime took place. Once the points of entry are established, the investigator will find the center of the scene using the path that the first officer established. A crime scene is three dimensional so that when making th eir way to the center of the crime scene, evidence will be located.It is the investigators responsibility to photograph and document these items as they are seen. There are many questions that will need to be answered during the investigation such as but not limited to did this crime involve violence, or are there any hazardous conditions that they should be aware of? The scene should be looked oer as if trying to put a puzzle together. Looking around at objects in the crime scene can tell a whole lot as to the time the accident occurred or if objects seem like they are missing.There are two categories a crime scene can fall under one is a primary crime scene where the crime occurred or a secondary crime scene where evidence was taken to and is now a part of the crime scene. A command center needs to be put into place outside the crime scene. This is where the investigators receive their assignments, reposition the equipment that will be needed or where they gather to discuss or go over the subject. Tasks are assigned to all of the investigators which will ensure that all aspects of the area are covered. Tasks include locating, processing, accessing, photographing and sketching the evidence at the scene.Searching a crime scene and how a crime investigation is carried out depends on the coat and area of the scene being investigated. The polar kind of crime that was committed can have a great toll on how the investigation is carried out as well. When doing a look to of the crime scene, different kinds of flash or illumination are used to show fingerprints, handprints or other things that may be gathered as evidence. There are different patterns in which a crime scene is investigated or searched. Each pattern depends on the scene and what kind of evidence is suspected to be found at the scene.This could include a line or strip search where two investigators walk in successive lines across the crime scene and search for evidence, a grid search where investi gators form a grid throughout the scene making overlapping lines, a spiral search where an investigator works in a spiral motion from the outer part of the scene or vice versa, a wrap ray search which is done by a group of investigators that move from the boundary of the crime scene and work their way to the middle of the scene, or a quadrant or zone search where the crime is divided into sections and is split up between investigators and divided again to search more thoroughly through that section.When searching a crime scene at night difficulties will summon up pay commensurate to lighting. Boundaries of the scene are hard to see when trying to locate evidence. The search of evidence is determined by each crime scene, because every crime is different in its own way. Locating evidence includes footprints, weapons, blood spatter, trace fibers or hairs. When an investigator locates evidence everything should be recorded. Exact location in notes, photos and sketches must be done, a nd all evidence must be marked with an evidence marker once it is recorded.A search will end when all evidence is located. Once a decision has been made that the investigation has come to a close, the team will conduct a final survey. This survey will include an overview of the scene and all evidence is collected and bagged. Taking notes at a crime scene begins the moment an investigator gets a grouse. All notes must be specific. Notes should begin with all the information of the person who has called in, the time the call was placed and all of the information that is given about the crime, as well as the assigned case number that is given. When an investigator arrives at the scene, date, time and all persons present must be recorded.All notes should be in compass point, and all movements that are taken should be documented. The lead investigator will do a walkthrough of the scene and at this time notes are taken with details of the condition of the scene. All notes taken should b e in blue or black ink. Notes are very important to the investigation, and all notes should be taken at the scene and not unexpended up to memory. This ensures that all information is recorded and nothing is left out. Notes should include all documentation of the victims, witnesses, evidence collected, tasks being performed, and when and how an object is packaged. There should be no task, detail or movement left out when taking notes at a crime scene.Photographing a crime scene is extremely important in a crime scene investigation, and should be of high fictional character and very clear. These photos will be used in court, so when taking the photos you need to keep in mind that the person or persons viewing the photos should be able to understand where the photos were taken and should be able to tell the story through them. The overall area of the scene should first be photographed such as street signs, street lights, addresses, and identifying objects. Photos should be taken in a clockwise direction to prevent any information from being left out. Different lenses should be used when photographing different parts of the scene as well as different illuminations, flashes and filters.The first photo should consist of a photography log that includes that case number, type of scene, date, location of scene, type of camera used, photographers name and title. Photos should be of the scene before it has been altered in any way. The photos should include the area that the crime took place, and areas where other acts occurred. Pictures should be taken from the outside of the scene working towards the middle of the scene. The photographer must be consistent when working through the scene as this will ensure that all evidence is photographed from all angles and nothing is left out. Photos should include overview photographs which consist of the entire scene and surrounding area. These photos include all exits and entries, and should start from the outside of the scene and in all angles.And medium affirm photographs which show smaller areas of the crime scene. These photos should be taken with evidence markers. Sketching the crime scene is done subsequently all notes and photographs are taken of the scene. A sketch will show the layout of the area or support where the crime was committed, as well as where the evidence was located. It is used to back up all notes and photographs already taken. All aspects of a crime scene will be shown in court and used to convict the guilty therefore, it is extremely important that all steps of the investigation are followed exactly and with as more than detail as possible to ensure that justice can be served.

Legal and Financial Aspects Influencing a Start Up Business Essay

Legal and financial aspects will displace the start-up of a telephone circuit in many ways. These can aid the start-up of a vexation, or they can coiffure the business struggle. Financial aspects that will make your affect the start-up of your business negatively would be things like an increase in cost for things such as expenses e.g Electricity, resources for product, wages. If you have just started your business, and you be already losing money, there is non really any point in continuing the business. If you cant cover your expenses you will not make any profit, so you will need to pay attention to the Break Even Point, to mark if with the combined cost of expenses and costs, and the amount of money you are making from sales, that you are actually making profit, not making a profit, or you are just losing money.Someone starting up a business will need to plan a budget, this is essendial if you dont want to get into a worst case scenario and not have any idea what to do i n that situation, to create a budget you should pay attention the current economic status, hence how much your fixed and variable costs will cost. Someone starting up a business should also make a reservation of money so that if the economy makes a turn for the worse, they will be able to fund the losings and keep the business going. Legal aspects of a start-up business are needed to be known by the person starting up the business, if you do not know these you will lots of trouble understand the legal requirements and responsibilities of managing and running a business. Legal aspects that would affect the start-up of a business would be things like licences you may need a minimum of a business licence and tax registration to start up a business, but it depends on what sector you are operating in.To start up a business you need to categorise yourself into one of these ownerships, a sole proprietorship (A business owned and managed by a single person), a partnership (A business ow ned by two or more people) or a corporation (A business owned by a large varied group of people), then you register that information to the Inland Revenue, providing this information early also lets them receive money back. When you start up a business it is essential to remember to charge clients and employees VAT (Value Added Tax), the profit from the VAT is then sent to the Inland Revenue.Privately owned companies need to pay Corporation tax which again goes to the Inland Revenue. When you are starting a business and hiring employees, Health andSafety Responsibilities should be remembered, since you need to make sure that your employees are working in a safe environment, you will need to carry out a chance assessment to identify the risks for employees, customers etc.